Hello,

can you solve this assignment please

i need not more than overall match of 10% with the other student and internet.

thank you

– Essay Answers | www.essayanswers.org

What is a primate? Primates are members of a biological order (a means of classifying living things). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, primates are “any mammal of the group that includes the lemurs (Links to an external site.), lorises (Links to an external site.), tarsiers (Links to an external site.), [New World and Old World] monkeys (Links to an external site.), apes (Links to an external site.), and humans (Links to an external site.). The order Primates, with its 300 or more species, is the third most diverse (Links to an external site.) order of mammal (Links to an external site.)s, after rodents (Links to an external site.) (Rodentia) and bats (Links to an external site.) (Chiroptera).” https://www.britannica.com/animal/primate-mammal (Links to an external site.)

Primates are grouped together as an order based on these shared characteristics:

Prehensile hands—our hands can grab and hold onto things

5 digits on hands and feet—this is the ancestral mammalian condition

Most, but not all, primates have nails rather than claws (flat, not pointy and sharp ends to the fingers and toes)

Faces are relatively flat compared to other animals, such as wolves or horses

Relatively large brains and rounded brain skulls

Forward facing eyes (over lapping field of vision = good depth perception)

More reliance on and more brain cells related to sight in relationship to smell (we depend more on our eyes than our noses)

All have clavicles

Many of these features are related to being arboreal, that is to living in the trees

This short video gives a good summary of some of the characteristics.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpnlS_ach-0&t=227s (Links to an external site.)

(Unfortunately, like so many other things online, this video still makes a distinction between “humans” and “apes.” It would have been more accurate to say “bipedal apes” instead of humans and “the other apes” instead of “apes” but that would probably confuse people. But not you I hope!)

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_1.htm (Links to an external site.) This site gives a good overview of what primates are. Please read this through and send me questions if you find any of it hard to understand.

From https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_8.htm (Go to this site if you cannot see the cladogram) (Links to an external site.)

Go to https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/table_primates.htm (Links to an external site.) to see the following information in graphic form. (You might want to print it out for future reference.)

THERE ARE TWO BASIC GROUPS WITHIN THE PRIMATE ORDER: PROSIMIANS (Strepsirhines=primates with moist noses) AND ANTHROPOIDS (Haplorhines=primates with dry noses)

PROSIMIANS

lemurs, lorises They used to live throughout the world but now are found almost exclusively in Madagascar.

ANTHROPOIDS ARE SEPARATED INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS: NEW WORLD MONKEYS (PLATYRRHINES) AND OLD WORLD MONKEYS AND APES (CATARRHINES) the names refer to the shapes and orientations of their noses (“rhino” is “nose” in Greek).

As we discussed in earlier classes, even though we call both groups “monkeys,” the Old World monkeys are more closely related to apes than they are to New World monkeys.

Differences between platyrrhines and catarrhines:

1. New World Monkeys have widely spaced round nostrils that face sideways

Old World Monkeys and Apes have downward-facing oval nostrils that are close together

1. dental formula: New World monkeys have 3 premolars in each quadrant of their jaws for a total of 12; Old World monkeys and apes (including us) have 2, for a total of 8
2. some New World monkeys have prehensile tails, tails that they can wrap around things to use as a fifth limb

New World monkey face: https://www.monkeysanctuary.co.za/squirrel-monkeys (Links to an external site.)

Old World monkey face https://www.hoglezoo.org/meet_our_animals/animal_finder/hanuman_langur/ (Links to an external site.)

CATARRHINES ARE SEPARATED INTO CERCOPITHECOIDS (MONKEYS) AND HOMINOIDS (APES)

Cercopithecoids (monkeys) are more quadrupedal than hominoids (apes). These differences in locomotion are shown in differences in their skeletons:

monkeys have much longer lumbar regions and have tails

the scapula on apes is more toward the center of the back

ape arms are longer than their legs, monkeys are more equal

apes can lock their elbows

HOMINOIDS ARE SEPARATED INTO HYLOBATES (lesser apes: gibbons and siamangs) AND HOMINIDS (great apes)

THE FOUR GROUPS OF PRIMATES: (the names in brackets are the common names of some species within each group)

1. PROSIMIANS

LEMURS LORISES TARSIERS

[ring-tailed lemur, [lorises, bushbaby] [tarsiers]

indri, sifak]

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_2.htm (Links to an external site.) and https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_3.htm (Links to an external site.)

1. CEBOIDS (NEW WORLD MONKEYS)

CALLITRICHIDS CEBIDS

[marmosets, tamarins] [howler, squirrel, spider, woolly monkeys]

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_5.htm (Links to an external site.)

1. CERCOPITHECOIDS (OLD WORLD MONKEYS)

CERCOPITHICIDS COLOBINES

[macaques, baboons, mandrills] [languars, colobus, probiscis monkey]

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_6.htm (Links to an external site.)

1. HOMINOIDS

HYLOBATIDS PONGIDS HOMININS

[gibbons, siamangs] [oranguatan, chimp, [man]

bonobo, gorillas]

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_7.htm (Links to an external site.)

An online lecture that reviews all of the material discussed above plus adds some more informationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igI3EOw8YCg (Links to an external site.)

I suggest that you take a break before you watch this video and use it as a review of what you have learned up to this point.

Primates have evolved a wide range of living forms, in at least three major lines of descent. The Madagascar lemurs, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys are each a relatively homogeneous group, whose members have radiated to fill comparable niches on three different continents. In other words, among the living primates, different species from each of these three lines of descent occupy very similar econiches in different parts of the world. So there are Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, and lemurs that have adapted to similar foods and environments in different parts of the world as examples of parallel evolution. As a result, they have some similarities in their bodies and in the way they move (their patterns of locomotion). This is parallel evolution in action.

HABITATS—where primates live:

In the FOREST there are

CANOPY WITH EMERGENTS

MIDDLE STORY or UNDERSTORY

LOWER STORY or SHRUB LAYER

FOREST FLOOR

Several species of primates can live in the same area because they will not all occupy the same layers all of the time. For example, at Gombe in Africa where Jane Goodall first studied chimps, there are chimps, red colobus monkeys, and baboons.

Here is an image of a graphic at the Central Park Zoo which illustrates these layers of the forest.

It looks like this image isn’t appearing so I’ll send it in an email.

In addition to living in forests, primates can also live in SAVANNAS (grasslands with some trees) and STEPPES (grasslands with no trees)

TERMS:

TERRESTRIAL means spending all or most of the time on the ground

ARBOREAL means spending all or most of the time in the trees

DIURNAL means active during the day

NOCTURNAL means active during the night

DIETS

Animals who eat mostly or only leaves or grasses are folivores

Animals who eat mostly fruit are frugivores

Animals who eat mostly insects are insectivores

Animals who eat mostly meat are carnivores

Animals who eat many things are omnivores

Many primates are frugivores; some are insectiviores or folivores; tarsiers are carnivores; and we humans and some monkeys are omnivores.

TYPES OF LOCOMOTION (HOW PRIMATES MOVE)

1. VERTICAL CLINGING AND LEAPING
2. QUADRUPEDALISM

SLOW-CLIMBING

BRANCH-RUNNING AND WALKING

GROUND-RUNNING AND WALKING

SEMI-BRACHIATION [brachiation is moving using the arms]

USING THE TAIL [New World monkeys use their prehensile tails as a fifth limb]

WITHOUT USE OF THE TAIL

1. BRACHIATION

TRUE BRACHIATION

ARM SWINGING AND QUADRUMANOUS CLIMBING

KNUCKLE WALKING WITH BRACHIATION AND CLIMBING

1. BIPEDALISM

1. Vertical clinging and leaping is unique to the lemurs. They move around in the trees by jumping, taking off and landing with their feet. This is unlike other primates who land with their arms when they jump. (Did you ever see the movie Predator? One of the things that made the alien predator so creepy was how he moved in the trees, taking off and landing with his legs.)

Watch this for an example of shifak locomotionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHCQ5-1n07M (Links to an external site.)

1. Quadrupedalism using all four limbs to move. There are several variations of this. Watch these videos and note the shapes of the primates’ hands and feet and how they use them.

Slow-climbing slow loris.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kTR6wR6yPw (Links to an external site.)

Branch runners and walkers squirrel monkeyshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dy-u0voqixQ (Links to an external site.)

Ground running and walking olive baboonshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cph0D7Vdjp4 (Links to an external site.)

Semi-brachiation using tails spider monkeyshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQ1XUz2Me-I (Links to an external site.)

Semi-brachiation without using tails colobus monkeys

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkdXZclTVwE (Links to an external site.)

1. Brachiation

True brachiation gibbons and siamangs—these lesser apes move around using their arms much more than their legshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rdn26Hpdwo (Links to an external site.)

Arm swinging and quadrumanous climbing orangutans brachiate but also climb using all four limbs and hands and feet (quadrumanous means four hands)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgZT5Xr3vkM (Links to an external site.)

Knuckle walking with brachiation and climbing chimps, bonobos, and gorillas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Npc5QlS6Iw (Links to an external site.) Andhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-U9V6E_Sej4 (Links to an external site.)